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bitcoin 99 While cryptocurrencies are digital currencies that are managed through advanced encryption techniques, many governments have taken a cautious approach toward them, fearing their lack of central control and the effects they could have on financial security. Regulators in several countries have warned against cryptocurrency and some have taken concrete regulatory measures to dissuade users. Additionally, many banks do not offer services for cryptocurrencies and can refuse to offer services to virtual-currency companies. Gareth Murphy, a senior central banking officer has stated 'widespread use would also make it more difficult for statistical agencies to gather data on economic activity, which are used by governments to steer the economy'. He cautioned that virtual currencies pose a new challenge to central banks' control over the important functions of monetary and exchange rate policy. While traditional financial products have strong consumer protections in place, there is no intermediary with the power to limit consumer losses if bitcoins are lost or stolen. One of the features cryptocurrency lacks in comparison to credit cards, for example, is consumer protection against fraud, such as chargebacks.100 bitcoin Merkel Tree is a data structure that is used for verifying a block. It is in the form of a binary tree containing cryptographic hashes of each block. A Merkle tree is structured similarly to a binary tree where each leaf node is a hash of a block of transactional data and each non-leaf node is a hash of its leaf node. The Merkel root or hash root is the final hash root of all the transaction hashes. It encompasses all the transactions that are underlying all the non-leaf nodes.

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Where Bitcoins generate from?
While coins are minted, paper money are printed, digital money are mined.

The rules of how Bitcoin mining works are defined by the Bitcoin protocol and implemented in its software. Bitcoin cryptocurrency uses POW (proof-of-work) algorithm to create supply of bitcoins and verify transactions. Also it is claimed to be the one of possible defenses against DoS attack. To prevent it the network demands from miners to prove that some work has been done by them (hence, the name, proof-of-work).

The network gives to miners a mathematical puzzle that is difficult to solve but easy to verify computationally. The miner uses computational power to solve the stated math problem in order to produce the valid block. After the challenge is completed, miner submits his work to other nodes’ for validation. In return the miner who found a block first gets a block reward and transaction fees included to this block.

Note: The difficulty of such mathematical puzzle increases with the growing number of miners. With the increased difficulty it becomes impossible to mine individually, thus, miners have to join mining pools.


About the puzzle that miners need to solve
The Bitcoin cryptocurrency has a cryptographic proof-of-work hash function - SHA 256d. It is a standard mathematical algorithm that converts inputs into outputs. Usually, it is really computationally-easy to get the output by putting the input into the function. E.g. from 1+2+3+4 we get 10. But if we set the challenge vice versa knowing only the output we will have a number of different variants of inputs: 9+1, 8+2, 7+3, 6+4, 5+5, etc. The challenge in a mathematical puzzle is that miner needs to find such input that will satisfy the specific output.

Note: The specific output is a digital value of a block header’s hash - an identifier of a block that has to start with a certain number of zeros.

For solving the puzzle, a miner searches a block nonce. The one who finds it first is a winner. The efficiency of miner depends on its speed in searching the right nonce.



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